Innocent on the Bounty: The Court-Martial and Pardon of Midshipman Peter Heywood, in Letters

Edited by Donald A. Maxton and Rolf E. Du Rietz

Maxton and Du Rietz’s work is an edited compilation of letters and poems corresponded between Peter Heywood, a midshipman whose first voyage took him aboard the infamous Bounty, and his sister Hester “Nessy” Heywood, who fought tirelessly to vindicate her younger brother’s conviction of mutiny.

In the introduction, the authors carefully relate the Manxmen’s common roots and association, and a summary of the mutiny and aftermath, including the account of Heywood’s actions during and after the mutiny. The crux of the conflict lay between acting lieutenant and second-in-command Fletcher Christian and the notorious William Blight. Bligh’s disrespect for the high-born Christian ultimately led to the mutiny in April 1789, where Heywood was reportedly forced below and unable to leave with Bligh and his loyal crew members. While the mutineers and Heywood took refuge at Tahiti, Bligh managed to return to England, despite the trials of a 4,000-mile voyage. Bligh, apparently never informed of Heywood and his shipmate Stewart’s intention to depart with the captain, considered Heywood as cooperating with the leader of the mutiny, Christian.

At 230 pages, the book is divided into seven parts. Following the introduction that provides the context for the rest of the book is a textual postscript accounting the initial organization of private letters and poems that form the basis of the book. These are presented in two parts, the first being the correspondence, the second the poems. These are followed by three appendices that address additional correspondence on Heywood’s status, a list of dramatis persona, and an account of Heywood’s naval career.

The argument for Heywood’s innocence is smartly supported by the incomplete collection of letters and poems exchanged between Peter Heywood and his sister Nessy. The reader might take issue with the potential bias of a collection of letters first organized by an “anonymous editor” after Nessy’s death in 1793. Heywood’s insistence of innocence and Nessy’s dogged support for her brother still prove convincing.

That said, the book remains an impressive collection of primary documents recounting the infamous mutiny and Peter and Nessy’s close relationship. It also illustrates the close-knit nature of serving as an officer in the Royal Navy in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Bligh, Christian, and Heywood all hailed from the Isle of Man. Heywood was nephew to Commodore Thomas Palsey (married to Nessy and Peter’s aunt Mary Heywood)—the list of connections is quite extensive. It also harkens to the much more deliberate and intimate style of eighteenth-century correspondence and composition. Granted, a midshipman imprisoned for mutiny would have even more time on his hands to compose poetry and write letters than the average sailor, yet it is a sharp contrast to the microsecond pace of twenty-first-century communication. Well worth a read for any fan of maritime history, eighteenth-century primary documents or poetry, and, of course, anyone interested in the infamous events that inspired both a novel and an Academy Award winning movie.

Reviewed by Daniel M. Brown, University of South Carolina

The Vinyard Shipbuilding Company: Delaware’s Only Surviving Historic Shipyard

Joan W. Lofland

The Vinyard Shipbuilding Company is a remarkable survivor. The restored yard still contains the original boat shed, machine shop, woodworking building, sail loft, and railways from the 1920s, and its present owners have preserved and restored three motor yachts built there, including both the first of the type (Augusta, built in 1927) and the last (Vignette, built in 1951).

There is a considerable body of academic work relating the story of the yard.

This book, by one of its current owners, is primarily a photographic story of the yard, illustrating its history from 1896 to the present. The sheer quantity of images she has managed to assemble is astonishing, and we also can be grateful that the quality of reproduction is commensurate.

During the yards earlier years, its products were what one might expect for a small operation: ferries, tugboats, small traders, and military light craft (submarine chasers and Coast Guard patrol boats). From the late 1920s the business’s primary products were recreational watercraft (and more sub chasers during World War II). All receive due attention, though there is a notable preponderance of yacht images, probably because such craft attracted more contemporary attention.

For detailed examination of the yard’s history, readers should turn to the various more academic studies. Anyone interested in the beautiful motor yachts of the 1920-1950 era will find this book a delight.

Reviewed by David McCann, Dover, Delaware

Bibliographie zur Gesicht der Navigation in deutscher Sprache

Wolfgang Köberer

Bibliographie zur Gesicht der Navigation in deutscher Sprache is a very valuable tool for any researcher into the art of navigation, both historically and at present. The fact that it documents only German sources does not diminish its value because its coverage is so wide.

The study divides itself into two sections. The first is a detailed bibliography of books on navigation published in German up to 1800. There are about twenty-five such works (plus several that appear in multiple editions). The most intriguing fact that emerges from this list is that most of the books were of Dutch origin, a further testament to the vast influence of the Netherlands on shipping in the period.

The second section documents secondary sources published in German that discuss the whole gamut of navigation and its history in the broadest possible sense. The bibliography encompasses both books and articles published from the late nineteenth century to recent years. It is organized topically, so there are descriptions of material covering the western tradition of navigation, practices in other parts of the world, charts, and navigational instruments. In all there are close to 3,400 citations. Köberer’s Bibliographie zur Gesicht der Navigation in deutscher Sprache is far from being the most exciting of reading. Nevertheless, it will be very useful, even to non-German speakers, because of the breadth of its coverage and the detail it provides for accessing the sources.

Reviewed by Harold G. Unwin, Chicago, Illinois

The Ships of Howaldt and HDM, Volume 1: New and Converted Vessels Built by Kieler Howaldtswerke AG between 1945 and 1967

Hans H. Meyer

Howaldtswerke in Kiel is one of the oldest German shipyards building iron and steel vessels; its first commercial ship was constructed in 1865 although the company had operated from 1838 as a manufacturer of steam engines and boilers. It also has the distinction of having built the first German submarine (Brandtaucher) in 1850, and is still in this business today.

This first volume devoted to Howaldt ships covers the company’s “golden” post-World War II years, when it was among the most productive of German shipbuilding enterprises. Between the end of the war and 1967 (when the company merged with Deutsche Werft AG of Hamburg) the Kiel yard built almost 300 new ships and undertook around 100 more major conversion projects. Meyer’s book details them all.

The first part of the book, which covers the history of the yard during this period, is presented in both German and English. The rest of the book is in German exclusively, but, thanks to extensive use of tabulation (for which there are translations into English of headings and technical terminology), most readers with minimal knowledge of the language should be able to understand much of the information presented.

Meyer presents a potted biography of every ship built or converted during this period—the use of tabular data, in fact, makes these very comprehensive. Most of the biographies also benefit from photographic coverage. These ship descriptions are arranged by date order, but there is a comprehensive index of ship names, which enables one to quickly locate any particular vessel’s biography.

During this period, Howaldtswerke delivered some quite notable vessels. Among the early conversions were several for the whaling industry, both factory ships (from tankers) and catchers (from surplus British corvettes—themselves built to a design derived from a pre-war whale catcher). Possibly the most famous of its conversions was Aristotle Onassis’s yacht Christina, which started life as a Canadian River class frigate. Significant new construction types included a large series of tankers, many for Onassis, and the first new U-boats for the Federal German Navy.

The final section of the book presents a large number of 1:1250 scale side views (all drawn by the author) of many of the yard’s products, both new builds and conversions. These are organized by type, and also are accessible via the index of ship names.

This first volume of The Ships of Howaldt and HDM is an absolute trove of information for researchers and shipping enthusiasts, covering an important period in the history of one of the most significant German shipyards. It is highly recommended.

Reviewed by Paul E. Fontenoy, North Carolina Maritime Museum

World War II U.S. Navy Vessels in Private Hands

Greg H. Williams

This is not a book that you will read by the fireside one dark and stormy night, seeking excitement and nautical entertainment. Rather, what you will find within the paper covers is an exhaustive list of United States Navy ships and boats in private (nongovernment) hands. As such, this is an encyclopedic reference that you’ll keep on the shelf for reference whenever you need information on a particular vessel. The author served four years in the U.S. Navy, several of them at sea, and was one of twenty-seven volunteers who sailed the Liberty ship SS Jeremiah O’Brien from San Francisco to Europe for the fiftieth anniversary of the D-Day Normandy Invasion. He thus brings the requisite interest and background to this important work. The list of vessels run from minesweepers, coastal transports, ocean-going tugs, the many and varied types of landing craft and ships, vessels with names, vessels with only numbers, PT boats, submarine chasers, and many others. Each vessel has a “biography” that includes the builder, date of build, date of commission, the various registered owners, the current location if known, and the Official Number specific to each vessel.

The book is printed on average quality stock, has a soft cover, and contains only two photographs, both black & white: one on the cover and one on the frontispiece. The price seems high, but it appears you are paying for the author’s extensive research rather than the quality of the book. If this is the type of reference you’ve been waiting for, then it comes recommended.

Reviewed by Robert N. Steinbrunn, Stillwater, Minnesota

Clipper Ships and the Golden Age of Sail: Races and Rivalries on the Nineteenth Century High Seas

Sam Jefferson

The title and the last two paragraphs of Chapter One advise that this book focuses on captains and is a selection of true fo’c’sle stories. The stories are illustrated with a remarkable collection of old and new art and photographs which depict the clipper ship era magnificently reproduced in color, and dominate the book. The production and manufacture of the book is to a very high standard. 

The author, who concentrated solely on the prose and pictures, left the book devoid of any technical detail regarding the development, design, and construction of clipper ships; with the only exception being a brief outline in the first chapter. Rainbow was born from more radical Baltimore clipper designs, with no mention of e Ann McKim; the topsail and the topgallant are depicted as whole and then split; and the ships progress from wood to composite to iron, with no explanation within the book for these developments. The book focuses on the tales of the times and the art depicting the era. Not enough technical detail could be included to satisfy the typical Journal reader without detracting from the real focus of the book.

The readers are the beneficiaries of a professional writer’s passions for the sea and clipper ships. Jefferson’s Clipper Ships is excellent story telling. The sea, ships, and crew are hard task masters, but for the right personalities, glory is to be found. However, with the loss of vigilance and the accession of untempered arrogance, failure, disaster, and death await. Concentrating on the lives of clipper captains, the author provides several of their biographies, some of whom are doomed to ultimate failure while others gracefully leave the sea or remain upon it. The book includes some of the voyages of all of the great clippers of America and Britain which begin with the necessity for speed to reach California through the domination of speed from China to London during the tea races in the 1860s.

Jefferson really hits his stride in the telling of the Great China Tea Race of 1866 (Chapter Six) and the incredible passage of Sir Lancelot in 1869 (Chapter Seven). He succeeds in placing one on the deck of a great ship and wonderfully conveys the excitement and the anxiety of an event. For a writer of non-fiction, always a neat trick. The value of this book to a ship modeler or a researcher is that it allows one to immerse oneself in the lore of the clipper ship era. The book provides sufficiently detailed art credits to allow further research into the selection of a clipper before selecting a model to build. Do not limit yourself to Cutty Sark or Flying Cloud. A most beautiful book and an easy, short, enjoyable read.

Reviewed by Phillip A. Roach, Naples, Florida

War in the Chesapeake: The British Campaigns to Control the Bay, 1813-14

Charles Patrick Neimeyer

Charles P. Neimeyer, Director of Marines Corps History and Gray Research Center at Marines Corps University, has researched and written one of the finest studies available of British campaigns in the Chesapeake Bay during the War of 1812. His synthesis of numerous primary and secondary sources provides the vehicle for an excellent narrative that addresses the prelude to war, the stalemate on the northern frontier, and unsettled conditions around the Bay (popular unrest, a scramble for the spoils of privateering, and weakly prepared military defenses) before plunging into the nitty-gritty details of the British campaigns of 1813 and 1814. Within these campaigns hide marvelous stories of vessels large and small, heroic individuals, valiant resistance, lives sliced short, and a seemingly unstoppable juggernaut that faded in the light of a dawn breaking on the waters and fields of Baltimore.

Neimeyer focuses his efforts on several key areas: the defense of Craney Island and Norfolk, British raids ashore in 1813, American naval resistance around the Bay, and the assaults on Washington, Alexandria, and Baltimore in 1814. His treatment of the British handling of American slaves is interesting; and the author does not neglect actions outside the Bay (for example, Cockburn’s raid on the Outer Banks of North Carolina). In several instances, he illustrates the interconnectivity of the Chesapeake campaigns with other events of the war. Notably, Neimeyer ties the cruelties (by both sides) along the Canadian Frontier to the burning of civilian homes and government buildings in the Chesapeake region. War invariably grows crueler over time–the War of 1812 was no exception.

As with all works, there is room for improvement. More maps would be welcome. Some additional analysis of the place of prize money and the drive for promotion among the Royal Navy’s officer corps (especially with the war in Europe winding to an end) would not be amiss. Similarly, the effects on the war as a whole of these massive concentrations of available British resources could have used a few more words. That noted, this is an extraordinary study that combines readability, entertainment, and the scholarly touch. It is a history for the general reader as well as the professional historian. As the 200th Anniversary of the War of 1812 cruises to its inevitable close, Neimeyer’s study of the Chesapeake Campaigns is highly recommended and deserves a spot on your bookshelf.

 Reviewed by Wade G. Dudley, East Carolina University

HMS Pickle: The Swiftest Ship in Nelson’s Fleet at Trafalgar

Peter Hore

HMS Pickle was the second-smallest British warship at Trafalgar. Pierced for 14 guns, this schooner was part of the anonymous swarm of small vessels populating the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars. Except for HMS Pickle being picked to carry the post-battle dispatches (and news of Nelson’s death), it would be completely forgotten today. 

HMS Pickle: The Swiftest Ship in Nelson’s Trafalgar Fleet at Trafalgar,” by Peter Hore, tells the history of the ship and its various crews. It is a slim but interesting volume about a minor but significant vessel.

Hore actually tells the story about the first two Royal Navy warships named Pickle. In the first decade of the nineteenth century the Royal Navy briefly had two ships simultaneously named Pickle. Both were schooners, both came from the West Indies, and both were active at the same time. Hore unsnarls the resulting confusion by relating the history of both ships.

The focus is on the Trafalgar Pickle. A fascinating story it proves. This Pickle was launched in 1799 under the name Sting. Built in Bermuda it was a schooner, with foreand-aft sails on both masts. Schooners are common sailing vessels today, but the Royal Navy then considered them experimental. Hore describes how the ship was purchased in the West Indies station in 1800, renamed Pickle and used to carry dispatches.

Hore not only describes the ship’s history, but also describes those who impinged on the ship. The list includes the woman who would become Lady Hamilton (well before that date), Lord Hugh Seymore (who could potentially have rivaled Nelson had he not died of Yellow Jack), and Michael Fitton (whose exploits were retold in fictional form by Showell Styles).

Beyond the prominent and eccentric, Hore also relates the lives of the men and officers who served on Pickle. Hore gives a face to the typical mariners who manned the Royal Navy of the period, both before the mast as sailors and on the quarterdeck as officers.

Herein lies the fascination. Pickle’s moment of glory came after Trafalgar, when it carried Admiral Collingwood’s report of the battle to the Admiralty. Its captain was a 35-year-old lieutenant, capable, but previously luckless. He made the most of his opportunity, racing other ships, and avoiding superior officers to be the first with the news. Hore describes the consequences of both success and failure in the race. Yet the majority of his career and Pickle’s career fell outside that brief moment of fame. Hore describes that as well, both the tedium and the danger. The book is less a story about Trafalgar than of life on the little vessels in the Royal Navy during the age of fighting sail.

Reviewed by Mark Lardas, League City, Texas

Voyage to Gallipoli

Peter Plowman

The Commonwealth of Australia was born on January 1, 1901. Fourteen years later, Australian troops made up a large part of the Allied force that assaulted Gallipoli in Turkey. Australia’s involvement in the subsequent campaign became a defining moment for the new nation, witnessed today by its most important national holiday: Anzac Day (April 25).

Maritime historian Peter Plowman’s book, Voyage to Gallipoli, is a masterly account of the nation’s naval and maritime response to the outbreak of the Great War and its early operations that culminated with the landings on Gallipoli. The Royal Australian Navy was very small: a battlecruiser, three modern light cruisers, three destroyers, and two submarines were its only up-to-date warships. Australia’s merchant fleet was tiny, too, and its army virtually non-existent. Nevertheless, Australia took on assignments throughout the Pacific in order to counter German forces there, eliminate German colonial assets, and assist in terminating effort to raid Allied shipping in the area.

The major task, however, was arranging to transport the new Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) of two divisions (about 40,000 men) to war. The tale of this undertaking is the core of Plowman’s book. He relies on a mass of source material—newspaper articles, letters, memoirs, official documents, and secondary writings—for his narrative. The use of so many letters, memoirs, and newspaper stories makes his presentation particularly compelling and personal without diminishing its historicity in the slightest. This is social history at its best.

Plowman also displays a masterly use of illustrations to enhance his narrative. His delving into private and public collections to supplement his own material pays off in a fascinating array of photographs, few of which have been published before. Voyage to Gallipoli is both exciting reading and an important contribution to the literature of World War I. It is particularly interesting for those outside Australia, for whom much of the story will be new. I highly recommend it. 

Reviewed by James McFarland, Albuquerque, New Mexico

Seaworthy Timber: The Life & Times of New England Sea Captain Aaron H. Wood

Michael C. Dooling

In telling the story of the life of Aaron Wood, from when he starts on board as “boy” to his promotion to able seaman and eventually to captain of his own ships, the author, Michael Dooling, examines the Age of Sail from the great clippers to the Downeasters of Maine at the end of the century. In 1854, Aaron and his friends from Swansea sign aboard Monarch of the Seas with Captain Gardner. On this maiden voyage, the ship tests the new slipway at the Naval Yards in Pensacola and then heads to Europe with cotton, before the ship is recruited to transport supplies, troops and horses to the front lines of the Crimean War in the Black Sea.

The book includes Aaron’s first-person accounts of visiting the battlefields at Sevastopol as a spectator and seeing the first-ever use of shell guns and floating iron-sided batteries at Odessa. More surprising than a picnic overlooking the battle, was that the captain’s wife, Mrs. Gardner, was along with them to view the spectacle. These chapters include contemporary maps of the area, a diagram of the floating battery, and photos taken by English war correspondent William Russell. Other figures in the book include paintings and photos of ships, sail plan drawings, clipper sailing cards, portrait photos, and original pages from journals.

Much of the strength of this book is that the portrayals of events and activities are taken from the primary documents and Dooling elaborates on the history that is contemporary to his life such as trade relations, economic trends and the changing importance of shipbuilding in the United States. The author does a wonderful job of bringing in details of people who were part of that history, such as Nathaniel Hawthorne working as the American Consul in Liverpool at the start of the Crimean War. He includes full entries from Aaron’s journal (often only a few sentences each day) and fills in the gaps with information from his friend who signed on at the same time.

After Aaron became captain, he soon married Isabel Pearce in 1864, and his story is continued through her letters as she joins him on the ship. She sailed with him for the next 20 years on four ships; Emerald Isle, St. Mark, Sagamore, and Sovereign of the Seas, Together they survived about twenty-two times around Cape Horn, raising their son Oscar onboard until he was eight years old, and transporting goods until the 1880s, when they finally retired to a vineyard in California.

The only real detriment to the book is the unfortunate choice of a shiny paper for print which makes for a glare on the pages. At times, a chapter will meander a long while before explaining how the history relates to Aaron, but overall the book showcases the author’s dedication to his subject in bringing Captain Wood to life again.

Reviewed by R. Laurel Seaborn, Salem, Massachusetts